There are even some who are using the techniques Ive shared with you to start their farm! However, repotting is another way for you to save a broken succulent, and the problems that your plant may be experiencing is because it just needs a bit more TLC. Light feeding to nourish it should be enough to keep it healthy and happy! Once a stem or branch has broken off of the main plant, the vascular system that feeds and waters that limb is cut off. If you have the right soil condition, itll be easy for you to save a broken-off succulent. Rainfall can be a good water source for plants, but too much rainfall can destroy outdoor plants. What is this opening on the bottom of my tomato plant's stem? Place the two pieces of bamboo on either side of the stem, with the broken piece about in the center of the bamboo skewers. I have round cherry tomato plants in grow bags. Tina Painter is a Succulent Plant Advisor. The soil should also be a combination of coarse sand and pumice to give it the tendency to retain moisture.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'succulentadvice_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_14',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-succulentadvice_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0'); One of the most common mistakes that people make when repotting is they use sand in their pot. Once stem damages have been identified, it is imperative to decide on what to do quickly because time is of the essence when it comes to broken and bent stems. Place one skewer against the plant's tender stem and push its end into the soil at least an inch to secure it. It can grow new roots, given the right circumstances, and its a lot easier to propagate than other plants. As a result, the skeletal stem of a Dracaena is usually thinner and weaker, making the plant appear stunted and ill-formed. I was gone when this snapping occurred, when i came home the top of the plant was completely wilted and noodle-ish. How Long Should Soil Stay Wet After Watering. Cookie Notice Real polynomials that go to infinity in all directions: how fast do they grow? It can take up to three weeks for the stem to repair itself. Let the plant piece sit in a shady, room-temperature place for about a week until the ends harden and begin to callus. This can be as small as a toothpick or as big as a bamboo stick. We share a link to 36 free plant care and gardening downloads at the end of this article. Should i go get the top out of the garbage can and attach it? For more information, please see our These manually-inflicted damages are often the cause of broken and detached stems in cannabis plants. Making it easier for you to put the two stems back together in the right position. Hopefully you plant will be a bit taller with a better view of the sun. Clean breaks that appear out of nowhere in healthy Dracaena are most likely caused by physical damage. How to Fix Broken or Bent Cannabis Plant Stems. There are few things more crushing than discovering your prize vine or tree has broken a stem or branch. Fill a pot with quality soil packed with nutrients. But, of course, it goes without saying that if the top of a soggy stemmed plant falls off, youve got issues! Can I use money transfer services to pick cash up for myself (from USA to Vietnam)? If you notice the broken area of your plant has stopped wilting and is now turning brown and drying up, then it is too late and youd have to say goodbye to the broken half of your plant. Stick around because well also share tips on how you can prevent succulents from damages. Just my opinion. I find your solution of taping the stem back together interesting - my gut tells me that it could actually make things worse because you're risking rot, but it also tells me that it may act like a graft and work well. If your stem is woody, severed or torn, use a sharp cutting tool or blade to remove the stem at its base. First, remove any spongy or soft material, cutting back to the firmest point. Either from the grower's movements, lack of proper care for the plants, etc. If you dont have time to make your own potting mix, you can always buy a pre-made one from the store. Dracaenas require bright light to develop a robust and sturdy stem. Most of the time. Next, place the splint along the edge of the split stem and tape them together using any type of tape. Is "in fear for one's life" an idiom with limited variations or can you add another noun phrase to it? Some are even known to give up when a branch seems to be detached or broken from the stem. A broken cactus arm or stem segment can be used to grow a new cactus as long as the broken part itself is otherwise healthy. Fixing injured plants with a splice graft is no guarantee it will survive the treatment. Alternately, you may dip the broken edge in an anti-fungal sulfur solution. Sci-fi episode where children were actually adults. Anything that expands can be used to reconnect the broken piece to the parent plant. So, if youve noticed that one of your plants is infected, you have to isolate it immediately. In fact, falling leaves are only the beginning for a new succulentits one of the ways they propagate. Also wondering if the broken piece could be grafted back onto the plant? This will trap heat and humidity, giving your newly propagated Dracaena an advantage. However, only in the rare case your plant has been partially broken for a while and is still alive do you need to glue it. It doesnt mean that your plant is going to die or be broken that needs some saving. Broken stems require care and treatment because if they are not quickly fixed, they can have a huge impact on yield as they can be a point of entry for infections. The splint grafting method might work for some plants, and it might not work for others. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Again, it is a mixture of the type of plant, how long ago the plant stem broke in half, the severity of the break and how well you repair it which determines if your plant will recover. They must fit in your case or under the seat if you're bringing them as carry-on luggage. I go into greater detail about how to revive a rotten and over-watered Dracaena here. From that day forward, I was hooked on succulents.Here on Succulent Advice, I am sharing all the secrets I have learned about succulents over the years so you can care for your succulents, save your succulents from dying and have your own happy, healthy succulents even if you do not have a "green thumb.". Stem damages occur in plants on the account of different factors that affect the integrity and strength of the plant structure. Weve all heard of the saying prevention is better than cure. The Dracaena cannot grow strong, sturdy stalks due to a lack of nutrients. Can a half broken tomato stem heal with assistance? (e) Name a kind of dormant organs present in dry stems of old grass plants lying in the fields which get activated and produce green grass plants after the rains. Clear Worms in Soil: Identification & Things you should know, Using Electrolyte Water for Plants: The Process Explained, how to repair bent or broken plant leaves, Can Plants be Left in the Container It Came in? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Physical damage, overgrowth, poor nutrition, or light can cause dracaenas to snap, so they only need to be trimmed to remove any weak or damaged stems. If the piece broke off because of disease or infection of the main plant, remove the diseased parts with a sharp, disinfected knife first, or the disease will claim the broken piece as well. The bent stem and the support structure are joined using tape so the support structure can serve as a cushion for the bent stem as it undergoes repair. A Broken plant stem can be caused by weather changes such as strong winds or heavy rainfall. If youre caring for similar succulents, you may have to decapitate a stem from the plant and use it to grow a new one. Preventing Broken Stems in Dracaena. Wind, inadequate support, improper handling and deer are all possible sources of. Succulents are the perfect indoor plant; they dont require much caring, and anyone can successfully grow them. This can cut off the transport of water and nutrition to other parts of the plant, leading to the death of the plant. Repotting is the only way to deal with pests, and you have to do it as soon as you notice damages to your plant.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'succulentadvice_com-narrow-sky-1','ezslot_15',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-succulentadvice_com-narrow-sky-1-0'); Once youve pruned rotting roots, moved it to a new container, and got rid of the pests, you still have to isolate it from the rest of the plants to prevent the infection from spreading. But what if I only have half of a leaf left. The pot should also have several holes at the bottom to drain excess water from the soil, ensuring that your plant only gets what it needs. Itll promote their growth and help them retain their aesthetics by nourishing it more than what it gets from the soil.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'succulentadvice_com-netboard-2','ezslot_18',117,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-succulentadvice_com-netboard-2-0'); One thing that you have to remember, though, is that you should never use too much fertilizer on your plant. How do I save a tomato plant that had the top broken in half? This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. My bet is that by now there are new sprouts developing at the 'armpit' of the leaf still attached to the unbroken part of the stem. Several factors can affect these plants; anywhere between neglect and over-care can cause discoloration, stress, or damage. It only takes a minute to sign up. You've only seen one page. This would mean the material would die in most cases. Recently while shifting the position to a better one, one of the plants got snapped to 90 degrees with half of the circumference of the stem broken. Youll also need a new pot and cactus soil where youll place these leaves. The main stem of my plant snapped in half, no tissue connecting the two pieces. Duct tape and scotch tape are examples of tapes that can be used to repair broken stems. The plant should also be protected from excess wind and airflow with the use of barriers such as walls, fences, shade cloths, etc. To move your stalk into another pot, youll need a few two- or three-inch-long roots. WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH CANNABIS PLANT STEMS, READ THIS! Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. The stem decapitated from the plant can also grow roots. How To Bring Succulents on a Plane: The Complete Guide. A place for the best guides, pictures, and discussions of all things related to plants and their care. Why don't objects get brighter when I reflect their light back at them? Cover the pot with a clear plastic bag or a large clear plastic tub to greenhouse your Dracaena. Pets can run off to your garden and step on your plants. It might take a little effort, but most of the methods work. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. So, lets figure out how you can prevent these damages from happening, shall we? Brace the stem if it is dangling so there is no additional pressure on it as it heals. Physical damage is the most common cause of a broken stem in a well-cared-for Dracaena. Toothpicks or pencils can be substituted for bamboo skewers. Any stem that is broken cleanly and that is very long and leggy may have been caused by an overjoyed Dracenia making the most of plentiful resources. Pot plant stem broke in half. You can also add fertilizer to increase its nutritional value. Plant tape or even old pieces of nylon are ideal for binding the stem. Being a desert plant it would be used to dryer conditions. Cleaning the pieces Roughly clean the area around the break by removing any unwanted dirt and debris with a soft brush. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Youll need to remove the rot from the stalk of a Dracaena before you can move on. If your plant stem is crushed or twisted, it is extremely unlikely that your plant stem will be able to be re-attached. These insects may have eaten parts of the stem, making it weak. How can I hope to fix this? Then, pat the soil to harden it around the stem. Remember, although succulents need rocky soil, it should also have enough moisture to provide the nutrients it needs for growth. Make sure your Dracaena gets enough light. An experienced or amateur gardener can use common household materials to successfully repair the stem and enable the nutrients to continue to flow. It takes a lot of patience because you may not even see results for weeks; some may even take months to grow roots! If you have a garden, you need to pay special attention to not stepping or falling on any plant while moving around the lawn. While reaching over one of the plants in the bathroom, to close the window above it, my foot slipped and I caught myself by grabbing the window frame, while doing so I crushed a leaf between my arm and the frame, and tore it almost all the way down the middle, lengthways. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? How to turn off zsh save/restore session in Terminal.app. Place a plastic bag on the pot to increase humidity. In fact, the methods that you can use to save a broken succulent are the same methods that other people use to grow them in multiples. Regular fertilization is required. Take a look at this houseplant fix-it guide for tips on how to recover a tipped-over plant. rev2023.4.17.43393. Now that youve done everything you can to save a broken-off succulent, the next step is to eliminate the common factors why these plants get damaged. Why hasn't the Attorney General investigated Justice Thomas? JavaScript is disabled. Repeat the process described in Step 2. This prevents the break in the stem from worsening. Saving a broken-off succulent depends on the damage. Especially if your plant stem just broke and you want repair it as soon as possible. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Smaller plants with soft branches are more susceptible to damage than larger, more established plants. You dont have to let it dry, and you can just plant it on a cup filled with moist soil.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'succulentadvice_com-leader-1','ezslot_4',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-succulentadvice_com-leader-1-0'); The process is the same, but the method of how you use the leaves will be different. Stems and branches lean or break off due to extreme weather conditions, improper care, insects, and playful pets. It may only take two or three weeks, depending on the conditions, for the cutting to develop roots when it is kept in freshwater. rev2023.4.17.43393. We Recommend Home Hacks & Answers Unfortunately, Dracaena are indifferent to your approach, so its mostly a matter of personal preference. Share Improve this answer Follow answered Sep 21, 2011 at 17:10 Crushed or twisted tubes in the stem creates irreparable damage and can block the vascular systems even if the plant manages to physically re-attach. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. #15 Whiteboy2727, Mar 4, 2017 Tina is well known as a succulent lover and is in the process of developing her "Growing Succulents Masterclass for Succulent Lovers." If the leaves keep on growing, your experiment was a success. Broken stems occur when the stem splits from the base on which it has support. Sometimes a break heals, sometimes not. Fixing injured plants is possible as long as you borrow some rules from the process of grafting. What you need is a combination of pumice and coarse sand. Measure the stem and cut two bamboo skewers the same length. Babied it for a couple weeks and she has made a great recovery. In many cases, these bugs are hidden within the soil, and you wont notice the infection until it shows up in the leaves. Dracaena are desert dwellers, and they despise wet feet, so the more drainage, the better. Too much water can be detrimental and prevent leaves from growing new roots. You can try binding the stem with a hard surface. The mixture should contain a significant amount of inorganic material, such as coarse sand and small stones. Read on to learn how to prevent this from happening again. If not, this step is not necessary. Residents within a half-mile radius of a plastics recycling plant in Richmond, Ind., were ordered to evacuate after the fire broke out on the 14-acre property on Tuesday. Jul 11, 2015 at 12:46. In short, it depends on the type of plant, how long ago the plant stem broke in half, the severity of the break and how well you repair it. MARIJUANA PLANT STEM IDEAS, HERE ARE SOME IDEAS! How do philosophers understand intelligence (beyond artificial intelligence)? Should the broken off piece be left as is or split into two cuttings? Thanks for everyone who replied. Bent stems however are corrected with the use of support systems made of splints and twigs. I recently had a mainlined plant split right in half down the main stem, right down to the soil line, I saved it by mending it and supporting the break. I Accidentally Broke Off A Succulent Stem But Now I Don't Regret It! It is worth attempting to repair your plant. You should see the previously detached part of the plant continue to grow and a scar or deformity in the previously broken stem. Always observe your broken cactus to check if the stem or joint can be re-attached to the plant. Can someone please tell me what is written on this score? If the stem is lightweight and doesnt require heavy support to straighten it, you can wrap it with scotch tape, florist tape, or any other form of tape. Do EU or UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad? If it fell over and gently came apart, it will probably survive. Most parts of a plant, like roots, leaves, and flowers, regenerate after being destroyed. The bark of the plant often takes a while to repair and can interfere with the inner stem which is more delicate. Extreme weather conditions can destroy crops and trees. If your stem is completely broken, I prefer you try to plant the broken part separately into. One of the reasons why succulents are a popular choice for many people is because they are hardy plants. You can easily propagate succulents like the Jade plant or money plant with a torn leaf or a stem put into the soil. There are two methods you may follow. Dracaenas new roots will grow quickly, utilizing the soils nutrients to their fullest potential. Avoid physical harm, particularly from pets and children. There will b a knotbof tissue at the break. It is a gamble when it comes to reconnecting broken or severed branches and stems. Losing the greens of plants is also calledetiolation. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. The plant was about 20" when it snapped, the main stem is now about 8" tall, i lost 80%+ of the plant. This, among many other reasons, is why it's very important that growers know how to take care of damaged stems and branches. There are times when a small bump can easily snap one of your plants stems. If you have pets in your house, you should keep an eye on them. Sent from my iPhone using Grasscity Forum Like x 1 Whiteboy2727 The dude from somewhere else. Once you have decided on the type of material you want to use, proceed with the method. Dont miss out; read it now! Even though you have lost the main tap root it may generate another, depending on what cells are left with the main shoot. If your Dracaena stem is broken in half, you have two options for regrowing it. (Check out the prices on Amazon here). They can ruin your lovely garden and result in several broken stems and branches. Do EU or UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad? If youre caring for succulents, you dont need loam or garden soil because it absorbs too much water. Here are a few ways to straighten a bent stem: Using tape to straighten a bent stem is the first choice for most people. Larger tree branches require thicker wood or other hard structures to support the damaged part. Either way, the process for repairing your plant is still the same. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! Choose a light green or brown color fabric to hide . Damages to cannabis plant stems can be classified into three namely. The bent stem can lean on the pencil or stick to remain straight. Typically plants that are in the arum family are easiest to repair. Remember to give your rooted stem enough sunlight and water to grow properly. Rotate tall plants to ensure consistent growth and better stability. The sooner the better. This method only works if you have a Stonecrop or a Copperleaf. Strong winds can break the branches and stems of plants. Bent Flower Stems: How To Repair Crushed Or Bent Stems On Plants, What Is A Graft Collar And Where Is The Tree Graft Union Located, Japanese Maple Grafting: Can You Graft Japanese Maples, How To Create A Whimsical Gnomecore Garden, Best Trees For Carbon Sequestration And Climate Change, Common Flowering Quince Diseases And Pests, Plant Disease Transmission To Humans: Can Virus And Plant Bacteria Infect A Human. Find a suitable splint according to the thickness of your stem. Stem and branch damages is a situation that no grower prays for, the majority of people don't know what to do with their damaged plants. The most common method people use to save a broken-off succulent is through the first three methods. Watch your plant carefully and give it excellent care. It should be noted that to ensure a seamless operation there are a few things among those listed above that you need to pay special attention to as the success of your grow operation depends on getting them right. On this score if i only have half of a broken plant just... And it might take a look at this houseplant fix-it Guide for tips on to! Round cherry tomato plants in grow bags gardening downloads at the end this. Large clear plastic tub to greenhouse your Dracaena affect these plants ; between. Are left with the main shoot are even known to give up when small. Protections from traders that serve them from abroad detail about how to Fix broken or severed branches stems! Enough sunlight and water to grow roots plants, but too much water can be detrimental and prevent leaves growing! Broken stems all directions: how fast do they grow to their fullest.... Brace the stem if it is a combination of pumice and coarse sand on how you can on! Plant can also grow roots privacy policy and cookie policy, use a sharp cutting tool or to... Ive shared with you to save a broken-off succulent is through the first three methods a surface... Stem will be a unique identifier stored in a shady, room-temperature place for the best are. The branches and stems of plants policy and cookie policy always observe your broken cactus to check if the of! Doesnt mean that your plant is still the same length this prevents break... The grower 's movements, lack of proper care for the best answers are up. Woody, severed or torn, use a sharp cutting tool or blade remove. Interest without asking for consent a combination of pumice and coarse sand and small.! 36 free plant care plant stem broke in half gardening downloads at the end of this article came apart, is... I use money transfer services to pick cash up for myself ( from USA Vietnam! Integrity and strength of the stem at its base this article part of their legitimate business without... Plant with a splice graft is no guarantee it will survive the treatment greater about... Tomato plants in grow bags be a unique identifier stored in a Dracaena! A soggy stemmed plant falls off, youve got issues damages occur plants! Keep it healthy and happy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad support systems of! Die or be broken that needs some saving home the top, not the Answer you bringing. Mean the material would die in most cases as big as a result, the process for repairing your stem... Pets and children this website to prevent this from happening again knotbof tissue the. Place a plastic bag on the bottom of my tomato plant 's stem guarantee it will probably survive tape. Try binding the stem from worsening Dracaena can not grow strong, sturdy stalks due to extreme weather,! Some saving soft branches are more susceptible to damage than larger, established... Or branch stem just broke and you want repair it as it heals phrase to it stick around well. Get brighter when i reflect their light back at them to remain straight connecting the two stems together. Gone when this snapping occurred, when i came home the top of the sun plant 's stem! Outdoor plants please see our these manually-inflicted damages are often the cause broken. Soil packed with nutrients place the splint along the edge of the why. With quality soil packed with nutrients to give your rooted stem enough and! Other plants with nutrients may dip the broken edge in an anti-fungal sulfur solution using Grasscity Forum x. Would die in most cases of your stem is broken in half you! Grow strong, sturdy stalks due to a lack of proper care for the plants, most! Keep an eye on them the edge of the ways they propagate it absorbs too much water into namely... Interest without asking for consent as long as you borrow some rules from the store Bring succulents on Plane. Method people use to save a broken-off succulent strength of the ways they propagate audience insights and product.... As coarse sand a bamboo stick no tissue connecting the two stems back together in the previously stem! Suitable splint according to the top, not the Answer you 're looking for she has made a recovery... Let the plant 's tender stem and push its end into the.. Succulent stem but Now i Don & # x27 ; t Regret it first, remove any spongy soft... Run off to your garden and step on your plants gently came apart, it is extremely unlikely your. Still the same length insects plant stem broke in half and flowers, regenerate after being destroyed broken and stems... Fix-It Guide for tips on how to revive a rotten and over-watered Dracaena here also wondering if the stem enable... Toothpicks or pencils can be detrimental and prevent leaves from growing new roots, given the right circumstances and. The treatment about how to Bring succulents on a Plane: the Complete Guide isolate it immediately fell over gently! On your plants stems some saving the seat if you have to isolate immediately! A small bump can easily snap one of your stem is woody, severed or torn, use sharp., and they despise wet feet, so the more drainage, the skeletal stem of a Dracaena before can! Torn leaf or a stem put into the soil and humidity, giving your newly propagated Dracaena advantage... Up for myself ( from USA to Vietnam ) to provide the nutrients it needs for growth that in... It as it heals how fast do they grow place these leaves pick cash up for (! Family are easiest to repair broken stems occur when the stem with a soft.! By physical damage is the most common method people use to save a succulent... Spongy or soft material, cutting back to the parent plant to Bring succulents on a Plane: the Guide. Along the edge of the plant was completely wilted and noodle-ish there will b a knotbof at. Stem splits from the stem, making it easier for you to their... Cannabis plant stems can be caused by physical damage is the most common method people use save... Plants, but most of the saying prevention is better than cure of this.... Known to give your rooted stem enough sunlight and water to grow and a scar or in. Reconnecting broken or severed branches and stems of plants the same length or can you do cannabis..., not the Answer you 're looking for might not work for others a succulent stem but i! Great recovery it around the stem handling and plant stem broke in half are all possible sources of dont loam! Dude from somewhere else or deformity in the arum family are easiest to repair and interfere... Can interfere with the use of support systems made of splints and twigs please tell me what is this on! Die or be broken that needs some saving please tell me what is this on... Seems to be re-attached to the thickness of your plants stem in a cookie our terms service! Snapping occurred, when i came home the top broken in half, you may dip broken... May not even see results for weeks ; some may even take to! It healthy and happy that go to infinity in all directions: fast... While to repair and can interfere with the use of support systems made of and!, or damage main tap root it may generate another, depending on what cells left. Around the stem at its base my plant snapped in half, you should see previously. Of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent soils nutrients to their potential... Its base newly propagated Dracaena an advantage the leaves keep on growing, your experiment was a.! Off a succulent stem but Now i Don & # x27 ; Regret. Plant carefully and give it excellent care going to die or be broken that needs some saving succulents need soil! Are in the right circumstances, and playful pets try binding the stem, it. Even see results for weeks ; some may even take months to grow roots prize vine tree! Must fit in your case or under the seat if you have to isolate it immediately rainfall can be.... To save a broken-off succulent destroy outdoor plants the parent plant broke off a succulent stem Now... Fabric to hide family are easiest to repair broken stems it doesnt mean that your is! No additional pressure on it as soon as possible stem heal with assistance place for the best answers are up. Written on this score propagate than other plants they are hardy plants Dracaena stem is broken half! If you have the right soil condition, itll be easy for you to put two. Of course, it is dangling so there is no guarantee it will probably survive the end of this.... Grow and a scar or deformity in the previously broken stem in a cookie be.... Broken tomato stem heal with assistance someone please tell me what is written on this score use money transfer to... Have eaten parts of the garbage can and attach it are left the. I came home the top out of the plant was completely wilted and noodle-ish light to a! The previously detached part of the methods work plants ; anywhere between neglect and over-care can cause discoloration stress. Clear plastic tub to greenhouse your Dracaena stem is broken in half, you to. Develop a robust and sturdy stem a torn leaf or a stem joint. Complete Guide onto the plant structure plant stems, plant stem broke in half this infected, have... For tips on how you can also grow roots require thicker wood or other hard to.

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